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C syntax notes

struct [struct-type-name]
  {
    [type variable-names] ;
    ...
  } [structure-variables];
union [union-type-name]
  {
    [type variable-names] ;
    ...
  } [union-variables];
if(expression)
  statement
else
  statement
if(expression)
  statement
else if(expression)
  statement
else
  statement
while(expression)
  statement;
switch(expression)
{
  case const-expr:
    statements;
  case const-expr:
    statements;
  default:
    statements;
}
do
  statements;
while(expression);

Initializers

Example Notes
int intarray[]={ 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21 }; The dimension of the array is obtained from the number of initializers
char astring[]={ 'e', 'x', 'p', 'l', 'i', 'c', 'i', 't', ' ',
't', 'e', 'r', 'm', 'i', 'n', 'a', 't', 'o', 'r', 0 };
char bstring[]="no explicit terminator"; The dimension of the character array is given by the number of characters in the string, plus one for the terminating NULL
char *colors[]={ "Black", "Red", "Green", "Blue", "White" }; Each member of the array has a initializer as per above examples
struct {
   int ival;
   char *sval;
   char cval;
} astruct = { 1234, "example", 'x' };
Struct initialization is equivalent to one initializer per structure member. Unions only accep initialization for the first member
int bidim[2][3] = {
   { 23, 45, 98 },
   { 19, 33, 44 }
};
Bidimensional arrays are initialized in the order of the first dimension, which must be explicit (the second can be ommited, being obtained from the number of elements in ecah sub-initializer)
struct {
   int ival;
   char *sval;
} sarr[]= {
   { 14, "one" },
   { 23, "two" },
   { 44, "three" }
};
Initializing an array of struct is initializing each member

C usages

Self referential structures

struct node
  {
    char *item;
    struct node *next;
  };

Operator precedence

  Symbol Name Associativity Class
Higher
precedence
() Subexpression grouping and function call Left to right Primary expressions and postfix operators
[ ] Array subscripting
-> Struct pointer
. Struct member
++ Postfix increment
-- Postfix decrement
  ! Logical negation Right to left Unary operators
~ One's complement
++ Prefix increment
-- Prefix decrement
- Unary negation
+ Unary plus
(type) Type casting
* Pointer indirection
& Address of ...
sizeof Size of ...
  * Multiplication Left to right Multiplicative operators
/ Division
% Modulus or remainder
  + Addition Left to right Additive operators
- Subtraction
  << Bitwise left shift Left to right Shift operators (bitwise)
>> Bitwise right shift
  < Less than ... Left to right Relational operators
<= Less than or equal to ...
> Greater than ...
>= Greater than or equal to ...
  == Equality test Left to right Equality operators
!= Inequality test
  & Bitwise AND Left to right Bitwise operators
  ^ Bitwise XOR Left to right Bitwise operators
  | Bitwise OR Left to right Bitwise operators
  && Logical AND Left to right Logical operators
  || Logical OR Left to right Logical operators
  ?: Conditional test Right to left Conditional operators
  = Assignment Right to left Assignment operators
+= Add and assign
-= Subtract and assign
*= Multiply and assign
/= Divide and assign
%= Extract remainder and assign
<<= Bitwise left shift and assign
>>= Bitwise right shift and assign
&= Bitwise AND and assign
^= Bitwise XOR and assign
|= Bitwise OR and assign
Lower
precedence
, Comma operator Left to right Sequence operators
Last update: Wed, 2 Nov 2005 10:16:21 GMT