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DNS
DNS configuration Top-Level Domains
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Defining a DNS in bind

To define a DNS entry for a particular host, edit /var/named/named.domain, where domain is the system's domain. Follow the example below, for 192.168.1.9

9 PTR particular.domain. ; entry for 192.168.1.9

DNS configuration

The DNS system, implemented using BIND, is configured by a set of files. Under Linux, the named configuration file is /etc/named.conf, which among other things designates the directory where zone files exist.

For each zone, a structure similar to the following must exist:

zone "mydomain.com" {
notify no;
type master;
file "named.domain";
};

In this example, the zone is mydomain.com, we are a master name server for that zone, and the file describing the zone is named.domain (residing in the directory defined in the options section). The zone file contains RR (resource records), with the following format:

domainname     ttl     class     type     value

The meaning of each part is as follows:

Part Meaning
domainname The domain to which this record applies
Can be replaced by a @, meaning the domains as referenced in named.conf
Can also be absent, meaning that the same domain as the previous RR applies
ttl Time To Live, the time (usually in seconds) that the record may be cached by other name servers
class For Internet purposes, always IN
type

Type of RR record

SOA Start of authority
A IP address
MX Mail exchange
NS Name server
CNAME Canonical name
PTR Hostname for IP address, used in reverse mapping
HINFO Hardware info
TXT Text
value Depends on the type of the RR record

The format for each of the above RR types is as follows. Note that some of the fields may be omitted. The times given are good rules of thumb.

SOA records

SOA RR
There must be one and only one SOA record in each zone file: 
@   3600    SOA  IN   ns.domain.com. dnsmaster.domain.com. (
2000013101 ; serial YYYYMMDDxx
86400 ; refresh
7200 ; retry
3600000 ; expire
172800 ; minimum
)
The fields are:
@ The record applies to the domain defined in named.conf, in this case domain.com
3600 A time to live of one hour (may be omitted)
SOA This is a SOA record
IN This is a Internet related record
ns.domain.com. The machine in which named is running, the IP address for which must be defined elsewhere. Note the period terminating the entry, which means that the name is a FQDN (Fully qualified Domain Name, that is, including all of the zones)
dnsmaster.domain.com. The email address for the maintainer of the database. This is translated to the email address <dnsmaster@domain.com>. Note terminating period. There should be no dots in the mail account name
( ... ) For a SOA record, the fields within parenthesis are:
serial number The version number for the zone file. Must be always incrementing, so we use the date (four digit year, two digit month, two digit day) and a order number in the day. This is used by the secondary name servers to update their databases.
refresh time How often the secondaries will check the master name server for updates. 86400 seconds is 24 hours.
retry time If a secondary name server is unable to reach the primary, this is the time between retries. 7200 seconds is 2 hours.
expire time If a secondary name server fails to reach the master within this period, the secondary server database for the zone expires. 3600000 seconds is one week, to allow for network outages.
minimum time The time a secondary name server should cache the zone information. 172800 minutes is two days. This is in fact the default time to live of any RRs that don't mention a explicit one.

A records

A RR
Specifies the IP address for a host. Usually the ttl field is omitted: 
ns.domain.com.   IN   A   192.168.1.1
The fields are:
ns.domain.com. The FQDN for the host, note terminating period
IN This is a Internet related record
A This is a A record
192.168.1.1 The IP address of the host

NS records

NS RR
This specifies authoritative name servers for the zone. The primary name server should be mentioned, as well as any secondaries. Usually the TTL is omitted. 
domain.com.   IN   NS  ns.domain.com.
The fields are:
domain.com. The domain that the name server is authoritative for. Note terminating period
IN This is a Internet related record
NS This is a NS record
ns.domain.com. The name server FQDN, note terminating period

MX records

MX RR
This specifies the mail servers for the domain. Mail addressed to the domain is handled trough these servers, on the basis of the priority field. 
domain.com.   IN   MX   10   mail.domain.com.
The fields are:
domain.com. The domain, note terminating period. Mail addressed to someone@domain.com will be handled by the server named in the last field
IN This is a Internet related record
MX This is a MX record
10 The priority. The smaller the number, the higher the priority. If a mail transfer fails to access the highest priority mail server, will try the next in priority
mail.domain.com. The mail server host FQDN. Must use a name here, not a IP address, as most mail transfer agents will get confused otherwise. Also, there has to be a A record somewhere for this machine, no aliases or CNAMEs are acceptable. If the mail server does not belong to the zone (as in a ISP mail relay), then the A record must exist in the mail server's zone.

CNAME records

CNAME RR
Used to define aliases for hosts. To be avoided where possible. 
www.domain.com.   IN   CNAME   web.domain.com.
The fields are:
www.domain.com. The alias. A query for the address of this machine will return the address of the last field. This alias can only be defined once, no other RRs may exist for it, CNAME or other type. Note terminating period.
IN This is a Internet related record
CNAME This is a CNAME record
web.domain.com. The "real" machine for which we define the alias. Note terminating period

PTR records

PTR RR
This applies to reverse zones, the ones based on .in-addr.arpa 
10   PTR   web.domain.com.
The fields are:
10 The host address within the subnet. For example, for the subnet 1.168.192.in-addr.arpa this record would mean that the host at 192.168.1.10 is named web.domain.com
PTR This is a PTR record
web.domain.com. The host

HINFO records

HINFO RR
This is merely informative and optional. 
web.domain.com.   IN   HINFO   "Pentium 450"   "Linux 2.0.38"
The fields are:
web.domain.com. The host to which this information applies, note terminating period
IN This is a Internet related record
HINFO This is a HINFO record
"Pentium 450" The hardware type, between quotes
"Linux 2.0.38" The operating system or software, between quotes

TXT records

TXT RR
This is merely informative and optional. 
web.domain.com.   IN   TXT   "Owned by The Very Big Corporation of America"
The fields are:
web.domain.com. The host to which this information applies, note terminating period
IN This is a Internet related record
TXT This is a TXT record
"Owned by ..." Any text, between quotes, deemed informative

Index of Top-Level Domains

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

TLD Type or country subTLDs TLD DNS servers
.ac Ascension Island co.ac
ac.ac
auth02.ns.uu.net munnari.oz.au ns.eu.net
ns.nic.ac ns.ripe.net ns2.uucp.ne.jp
.ad Andorra co.ad
ac.ad
correu.sta.ad dinis.ad dns.nic.ad
dns2.ad vivaldi.telepac.pt
.ae United Arab Emirates co.ae
ac.ae
ns1.emirates.net.ae ns2.emirates.net.ae
.af Afghanistan co.af
ac.af
ns1.netnames.net ns2.netnames.net
.ag Antigua and Barbuda co.ag
ac.ag
act1.act2000.net act2.act2000.net
ns1.netnames.net ns2.netnames.net
upr1.upr.clu.edu
.ai Anguilla co.ai
ac.ai
ns.c2.net ns.hypereality.co.uk ns2.infonex.net
.al Albania co.al
ac.al
auth02.ns.uu.net itgbox.iat.cnr.it munnari.oz.au
ns.eu.net ns.ripe.net rip.psg.com
sunic.sunet.se
.am Armenia co.am
ac.am
ns.aic.net ns.amnic.net ns.ripe.net
ns.sovam.com rip.psg.com svc00.apnic.net
.an Netherlands Antilles co.an
ac.an
engine1.una.net kadushi.curinfo.an
munnari.oz.au ns.ripe.net
ns.uu.net ns0.ja.net
ns01-server.curinfo.an sunic.sunet.se
.ao Angola co.ao
ac.ao
auth02.ns.uu.net dns.rccn.net ns.eu.net
sunic.sunet.se
.aq Antarctica co.aq
ac.aq
ns1.2day.com ns2.2day.com ns3.2day.com
.ar Argentina co.ar
ac.ar
athea.ar ctina.ar
merapi.switch.ch ns.ripe.net
ns.uu.net ns1.retina.ar
uucp-gw-1.pa.dec.com uucp-gw-2.pa.dec.com
.as American Samoa co.as
ac.as
auth02.ns.uu.net dca.ns.gdns.net lhr.ns.gdns.net
munnari.oz.au
.at Austria co.at
ac.at
ns.eu.net ns.uu.net ns1.univie.ac.at
ns2.univie.ac.at ns3.austria.eu.net ns7.univie.ac.at
.au Australia co.au
ac.au
mulga.cs.mu.oz.au munnari.oz.au
ns.eu.net ns.uu.net
ns1.berkeley.edu ns2.berkeley.edu
vangogh.cs.berkeley.edu
.aw Aruba co.aw
ac.aw
ns1-auth.sprintlink.net ns1.setarnet.aw
ns2-auth.sprintlink.net ns2.setarnet.aw
ns3-auth.sprintlink.net
.az Azerbaijan co.az
ac.az
ns.demos.su rip.psg.com
.ba Bosnia and Herzegovina co.ba
ac.ba
auth03.ns.uu.net munnari.oz.au ns.ba
ns.eu.net ns.ripe.net sava.utic.net.ba
.bb Barbados co.bb
ac.bb
col1.caribsurf.com col2.caribsurf.com
.bd Bangladesh co.bd
ac.bd
dns.bd dns1.bd
.be Belgium co.be
ac.be
auth02.ns.uu.net dns.cs.kuleuven.ac.be
master.dns.be ns.belnet.be
ns.eu.net secdns.eunet.be
sunic.sunet.se
.bf Burkina Faso co.bf
ac.bf
castor.teleglobe.net nahouri.onatel.bf orstom.rio.net
.bg Bulgaria co.bg
ac.bg
admii.arl.mil ns.digsys.bg ns.eu.net
ns.uu.net pythia.forthnet.gr sunic.sunet.se
.bh Bahrain co.bh
ac.bh
ns.batelco.com.bh ns2.batelco.com.bh
sv10.batelco.com.bh
.bi Burundi co.bi
ac.bi
dns.nic.cd dns.princeton.edu sunic.sunet.se
.bj Benin co.bj
ac.bj
bow.intnet.bj bow.rain.fr
.bm Bermuda co.bm
ac.bm
ns.eu.net ns.uu.net ns1.ibl.bm
sparky.arl.mil sunic.sunet.se
.bn Brunei Darussalam co.bn
ac.bn
auth03.ns.uu.net dnssec1.singnet.com.sg
dnssec2.singnet.com.sg dnssec3.singnet.com.sg
jtb.brunet.bn ns.ripe.net
.bo Bolivia co.bo
ac.bo
auth100.ns.uu.net utama.bolnet.bo
.br Brazil co.br
ac.br
ns-ext.vix.com ns.dns.br ns1.dns.br
ns2.dns.br ns3.nic.fr
.bs Bahamas co.bs
ac.bs
trantor.umd.edu upr1.upr.clu.edu
.bt Bhutan co.bt
ac.bt
auth00.ns.uu.net auth61.ns.uu.net munnari.oz.au
ns.druknet.net.bt ns.itu.ch ns.ripe.net
.bv Bouvet Island co.bv
ac.bv
nac.no nn.uninett.no server.nordu.net
.bw Botswana co.bw
ac.bw
daisy.ee.und.ac.za hippo.ru.ac.za ns.uu.net
rain.psg.com
.by Belarus co.by
ac.by
a.open.by arwena.nask.waw.pl ns.ripe.net
ns.ussr.eu.net ns1.free.net ns2.scsi.gov.by
sun.scsi.gov.by
.bz Belize co.bz
ac.bz
daisy.ee.und.ac.za ns.ripe.net rip.psg.com
yarrina.connect.com.au
.ca Canada co.ca
ac.ca
clouso.risq.qc.ca dns2.utcc.utoronto.ca merle.cira.ca
ns2.uunet.ca relay.cdnnet.ca rs0.netsol.com
.cc Cocos (Keeling) Islands co.cc
ac.cc
ns1.globaldns.com ns1.london.uk.netdns.com
ns1.newyork.us.netdns.com ns1.seattle.us.netdns.com
ns1.sanfrancisco.us.netdns.com ns1.tokyo.jp.netdns.com
.cd Congo, Democratic People's Republic co.cd
ac.cd
dns.nic.cd dns.princeton.edu sunic.sunet.se
.cf Central African Republic co.cf
ac.cf
bow.intnet.cf bow.rain.fr ns.ripe.net
.cg Congo, Republic of co.cg
ac.cg
dns.nic.cd dns.princeton.edu sunic.sunet.se
.ch Switzerland co.ch
ac.ch
dns.princeton.edu domreg.nic.ch merapi.switch.ch
ns.apnic.net ns.eu.net ns1.ip-plus.net
rip.psg.com tulku.nic.ar
.ci Côte d'Ivoire co.ci
ac.ci
malakula.bondy.ird.fr ns.ird.fr
.ck Cook Islands co.ck
ac.ck
circa.mcs.vuw.ac.nz downstage.mcs.vuw.ac.nz
parau.oyster.net.ck poiparau.oyster.net.ck
.cl Chile co.cl
ac.cl
ns.eu.net ns.firstcom.cl ns.nic.cl
ns.uu.net sparky.arl.mil
.cm Cameroon co.cm
ac.cm
auth02.ns.uu.net kim.camnet.cm lom.camnet.cm
ns.itu.ch ns.ripe.net sanaga.camnet.cm
.cn China co.cn
ac.cn
dns.edu.cn iraun1.ira.uka.de ns.cn.net
ns.cnc.ac.cn ns.eu.net ns.sesqui.net
ns.uu.net
.co Colombia co.co
ac.co
ayax.uniandes.edu.co cdcnet.uniandes.edu.co
cunixd.cc.columbia.edu nyu.edu
.com commercial co.com
ac.com
a.gtld-servers.net a.root-servers.net b.gtld-servers.net
c.gtld-servers.net d.gtld-servers.net e.gtld-servers.net
f.gtld-servers.net g.gtld-servers.net i.gtld-servers.net
j.gtld-servers.net k.gtld-servers.net m.gtld-servers.net
.cr Costa Rica co.cr
ac.cr
ns.cr ns.ucr.ac.cr
ns1-auth.sprintlink.net ns2-auth.sprintlink.net
ns3-auth.sprintlink.net
.cu Cuba co.cu
ac.cu
ns.ceniai.net.cu ns.ripe.net ns1.gip.net
ns2.gip.net ns3.gip.net rip.psg.com
.cv Cape Verde co.cv
ac.cv
auth02.ns.uu.net dns.fccn.pt dns.rccn.net
ns.eu.net sunic.sunet.se
.cx Christmas Island co.cx
ac.cx
ns.cix.cx ns0.flirble.org
ns0.planet-three.com ns2.planet-three.net
.cy Cyprus co.cy
ac.cy
dns.cit.cornell.edu foo.grnet.gr nic.grnet.gr
nicosia.ccs.ucy.ac.cy ns.eu.net zeus.cc.ucy.ac.cy
.cz Czech Republic co.cz
ac.cz
cz.eunet.cz ns-ext.vix.com ns.eu.net
ns.uu.net ns2.nic.fr sunic.sunet.se
.de Germany co.de
ac.de
auth03.ns.de.uu.net dns.denic.de dns.nic.xlink.net
sss-at.denic.de sss-nl.denic.de sunic.sunet.se
.dj Djibouti co.dj
ac.dj
bow.intnet.dj bow.rain.fr
.dk Denmark co.dk
ac.dk
ns-soa.darenet.dk ns.dk-hostmaster.dk
ns.dk.net ns.eu.net
ns4.tele.dk uranus.daimi.aau.dk
.dm Dominica co.dm
ac.dm
trantor.umd.edu upr1.upr.clu.edu
.do Dominican Republic co.do
ac.do
ns.nic.do phloem.uoregon.edu upr1.upr.clu.edu
.dz Algeria co.dz
ac.dz
casbah.eldjazair.net.dz decst.cerist.dz ns.ripe.net
ns3.nic.fr
.ec Ecuador co.ec
ac.ec
a.i-dns.net b.i-dns.net c.i-dns.net
d.i-dns.net ecnet.ec ecua.net.ec
f.i-dns.net
.edu educational institution co.edu
ac.edu
a.root-servers.net b.root-servers.net c.root-servers.net
d.root-servers.net e.root-servers.net f.root-servers.net
g.root-servers.net h.root-servers.net i.root-servers.net
.ee Estonia co.ee
ac.ee
ns.eenet.ee ns.eu.net ns.kbfi.ee
ns.uu.net sunic.sunet.se
.eg Egypt co.eg
ac.eg
frcu.eun.eg ns1.univie.ac.at rip.psg.com
.eh Western Sahara -
????????
.er Eritrea co.er
ac.er
ns.punchdown.org ns.veritas.com
.es Spain co.es
ac.es
ineco.nic.es munnari.oz.au ns.eu.net
ns.eunet.es ns.uu.net ns1.nic.es
ns3.nic.fr prades.cesca.es sun.rediris.es
sunic.sunet.se
.et Ethiopia co.et
ac.et
ns.telecom.net.et ns1.gip.net ns2.gip.net
ns3.gip.net
.eu European Union -
???????
.fi Finland co.fi
ac.fi
hydra.helsinki.fi ns.eu.net ns.tele.fi
ns.uu.net prifi.eunet.fi t.ns.verio.net
.fj Fiji co.fj
ac.fj
auth00.ns.uu.net munnari.oz.au ns1.berkeley.edu
ns2.berkeley.edu rip.psg.com teri.usp.ac.fj
.fk Falkland Islands (Malvinas) co.fk
ac.fk
ns0.u-net.net ns1.u-net.net
.fm Micronesia, Federal State of co.fm
ac.fm
auth110.ns.uu.net fm01.fm fm03.fm
ns1.gip.net ns2.gip.net ns3.gip.net
.fo Faroe Islands co.fo
ac.fo
ns.uni2.net ns2.uni2.net
.fr France co.fr
ac.fr
dns.cs.wisc.edu dns.inria.fr dns.princeton.edu
ns-ext.vix.com ns.eu.net ns1.nic.fr
ns2.nic.fr ns3.nic.fr
.ga Gabon co.ga
ac.ga
komo.inet.ga ns.ripe.net
.gd Grenada co.gd
ac.gd
trantor.umd.edu upr1.upr.clu.edu
.ge Georgia co.ge
ac.ge
ns.eu.net ns.uu.net ns2.nic.fr
sunic.sunet.se
.gf French Guiana co.gf
ac.gf
aphex.mentor.be dns.princeton.edu ns1.nplus.gf
.gg Guernsey co.gg
ac.gg
dns2.guernsey.net ns0.ja.net
ns1.nic.je rs.isles.net
sec1.dns.uk.psi.net uucp-gw-1.pa.dec.com
uucp-gw-2.pa.dec.com
.gh Ghana co.gh
ac.gh
austin.gh.com auth02.ns.uu.net ns0.pipex.net
ns1.pipex.net
.gi Gibraltar co.gi
ac.gi
ns1.vi.net ns2.vi.net
.gl Greenland co.gl
ac.gl
kaasassuk.gh.gl ns-soa.darenet.dk ns.ripe.net
ns.uu.net tgserv.tele.gl
.gm Gambia co.gm
ac.gm
ns1.commit.gm ns1.mrc.gm ns1.sol.no
.gn Guinea co.gn
ac.gn
hippo.ru.ac.za ns.eu.net rip.psg.com
.gov United States government co.gov
a.root-servers.net b.root-servers.net c.root-servers.net
d.root-servers.net e.root-servers.net f.root-servers.net
g.root-servers.net h.root-servers.net i.root-servers.net
.gp Guadeloupe co.gp
ac.gp
correos.seker.es manta.outremer.com
merapi.switch.ch ns.pixar.es
ns.visualcom.es servidor.microastur.es
.gq Equatorial Guinea co.gq
ac.gq
bow.intnet.gq bow.rain.fr
.gr Greece co.gr
ac.gr
estia.csi.forth.gr info.forthnet.gr nic.aix.gr
ns.eu.net ns.uu.net pythia.forthnet.gr
sunic.sunet.se
.gs South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands co.gs
ac.gs
auth02.ns.uu.net joanna.william.org ns.eu.net
ns.ripe.net sec1.dns.uk.psi.net
.gt Guatemala co.gt
ac.gt
ns.concyt.gob.gt ns.ripe.net ns.uvg.edu.gt
osi2.gua.net
.gu Guam co.gu
ac.gu
ns.edu.gu ns.gu ns.ripe.net
.gw Guinea-Bissau co.gw
ac.gw
ns1.telepac.pt sol.undpbi.telepac.net vivaldi.telepac.pt
.gy Guyana co.gy
ac.gy
ns.ripe.net ns.uu.net upr1.upr.clu.edu
.hk Hong Kong co.hk
ac.hk
ns1.berkeley.edu ns1.cuhk.edu.hk ns2.berkeley.edu
ns2.cuhk.edu.hk ns2.harvard.edu
.hm Heard and McDonald Islands co.hm
ac.hm
ns1.registry.hm ns2.registry.hm ns3.registry.hm
.hn Honduras co.hn
ac.hn
miraf-server3.hondutel.hn ns.eu.net ns.uu.net
ns1.gip.net sunic.sunet.se
.hr Croatia/Hrvatska co.hr
ac.hr
dns.srce.hr ns.eu.net ns.uu.net
ns1.univie.ac.at sunic.sunet.se
.ht Haiti co.ht
ac.ht
appsrv.haitiworld.com ns.haitiworld.com
.hu Hungary co.hu
ac.hu
ns.nic.hu ns.uu.net ns2.nic.fr
ns2.sztaki.hu sunic.sunet.se
.id Indonesia co.id
ac.id
access.mbnet.mb.ca caddsys.iptek.net ns.ac.id
ns1.id ns1.regex.com svc00.apnic.net
.ie Ireland co.ie
ac.ie
banba.domainregistry.ie ice.via-net-works.ie
ns.eu.net ns2.nic.fr
ns3.ns.esat.net uucp-gw-1.pa.dec.com
uucp-gw-2.pa.dec.com
.il Israel co.il
ac.il
aristo.tau.ac.il ns.ripe.net ns2.nap.net
relay.huji.ac.il rip.psg.com
.im Isle of Man co.im
ac.im
barney.advsys.co.uk noc.ulcc.ja.net ns0.bt.net
pebbles.iom.com
.in India co.in
ac.in
auth00.ns.uu.net auth61.ns.uu.net
naamak.ncst.ernet.in ns.eu.net
ns.uu.net ss585.ncst.ernet.in
uucp-gw-1.pa.dec.com uucp-gw-2.pa.dec.com
.io British Indian Ocean Territory co.io
ac.io
auth02.ns.uu.net munnari.oz.au ns.eu.net
ns.nic.io ns.ripe.net ns2.uucp.ne.jp
.iq Iraq co.iq
ac.iq
faith.mynet.net ns.cw.net
.ir Iran (Islamic Republic of) co.ir
ac.ir
auth02.ns.uu.net ns1.nic.ir ns1.univie.ac.at
.is Iceland co.is
ac.is
isgate.is nisc.jvnc.net ns.eu.net
sunic.sunet.se
.it Italy co.it
ac.it
dns.nic.it dns2.it.net dns2.iunet.it
nameserver.cnr.it ns.eu.net ns.ripe.net
ns2.psi.net server2.infn.it
.je Jersey co.je
ac.je
dns2.guernsey.net ns0.ja.net
ns1.nic.je rs.isles.net
sec1.dns.uk.psi.net uucp-gw-1.pa.dec.com
uucp-gw-2.pa.dec.com
.jm Jamaica co.jm
ac.jm
ns.cast.edu.jm ns.jm
ns1-auth.sprintlink.net ns2-auth.sprintlink.net
ns3-auth.sprintlink.net
.jo Jordan co.jo
ac.jo
amra.nic.gov.jo isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov ns.er.usgs.gov
ns.ripe.net petra.nic.gov.jo
.jp Japan co.jp
ac.jp
dns0.spin.ad.jp ns-jp.ntt.net ns-jp.sinet.ad.jp
ns.wide.ad.jp ns0.iij.ad.jp ns0.nic.ad.jp
.ke Kenya co.ke
ac.ke
hippo.ru.ac.za ns.ripe.net rip.psg.com
.kg Kyrgyzstan co.kg
ac.kg
ns.kg ns.nursat.net
.kh Cambodia co.kh
ac.kh
ns.dc.igc.org ns.ripe.net ns1.dns.net.kh
ns1.igc.apc.org teckla.apnic.net
.ki Kiribati co.ki
ac.ki
rip.psg.com trf.nic.ad.jp yarrina.connect.com.au
.km Comoros co.km
ac.km
bow.rain.fr bow.snpt.km
.kn Saint Kitts and Nevis co.kn
ac.kn
trantor.umd.edu upr1.upr.clu.edu
.kp Korea, Democratic People's Republic -
!???????
.kr Korea, Republic of co.kr
ac.kr
ns.kornet.net ns.kren.ne.kr ns.kreonet.re.kr
ns.krnic.net ns.ripe.net ns2.internic.net
.kw Kuwait co.kw
ac.kw
dns1.kw dns2.kw ncc.moc.kw
.ky Cayman Islands co.ky
ac.ky
antares.domainnt.net kynse01.messagesecure.com
kynse02.messagesecure.com kynsw01.messagesecure.com
polaris.domainnt.net vega.domainnt.net
.kz Kazakhstan co.kz
ac.kz
auth00.ns.uu.net ns.nursat.net ns.relcom.kz
ns.ricc.alma-ata.su ns.ripe.net ns.spb.su
ns.ussr.eu.net ns2.nursat.net
.la Lao People's Democratic Republic co.la
ac.la
a.i-dns.net b.i-dns.net c.i-dns.net
d.i-dns.net e.i-dns.net f.i-dns.net
.lb Lebanon co.lb
ac.lb
arizona.edu daisy.ee.und.ac.za munnari.oz.au
ns.ripe.net rip.psg.com
.lc Saint Lucia co.lc
ac.lc
trantor.umd.edu upr1.upr.clu.edu
.li Liechtenstein co.li
ac.li
dns.princeton.edu domreg.nic.ch merapi.switch.ch
ns.apnic.net ns1.ip-plus.net rip.psg.com
tulku.nic.ar
.lk Sri Lanka co.lk
ac.lk
ns.eu.net ns.nic.lk pendragon.cs.purdue.edu
.lr Liberia co.lr
ac.lr
hippo.ru.ac.za ns.ripe.net rip.psg.com
.ls Lesotho co.ls
ac.ls
daisy.ee.und.ac.za hippo.ru.ac.za rain.psg.com
.lt Lituania co.lt
ac.lt
hydra.helsinki.fi nemunas.sc-uni.ktu.lt nn.uninett.no
ns.eu.net ns.uu.net sunic.sunet.se
.lu Luxemborg co.lu
ac.lu
dns.princeton.edu merapi.switch.ch ns-ext.vix.com
ns.eu.net ns1.dns.lu ns2.dns.lu
ns5.dns.lu sunic.sunet.se
.lv Latvia co.lv
ac.lv
ns.latnet.lv ns.ripe.net ns.uu.net
ns2.latnet.lv sunic.sunet.se
.ly Libyan Arab Jamahiriya co.ly
ac.ly
auth02.ns.uu.net ns1.magic-moments.com
.ma Morocco co.ma
ac.ma
dns.inria.fr dns1.iam.net.ma dns2.iam.net.ma
dns3.iam.net.ma massira.onpt.net.ma ns.ripe.net
ns2.nic.fr
.mc Monaco co.mc
ac.mc
bow.rain.fr ns.nic.mc ns.ripe.net
.md Moldova, Republic of co.md
ac.md
antares.domainnt.net deneb.domainnt.net
polaris.domainnt.net rigel.domainnt.net
vega.domainnt.net
.mg Madagascar co.mg
ac.mg
antana.ird.mg ns.ird.fr ns.nic.mg
ns.ripe.net
.mh Marshall Islands co.mh
ac.mh
ins1.tosa.twtelecom.net ins2.tosa.twtelecom.net
.mil United States military -
a.root-servers.net b.root-servers.net con1.nipr.mil
con2.nipr.mil e.root-servers.net eur1.nipr.mil
eur2.nipr.mil g.root-servers.net h.root-servers.net
pac1.nipr.mil pac2.nipr.mil
.mk Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic co.mk
ac.mk
kanin.arnes.si kitka.marnet.mk ns1.univie.ac.at
rip.psg.com wraith.cs.uow.edu.au
.ml Mali co.ml
ac.ml
askia.sotelma.ml baaben.afriq.net ciwara.sotelma.net
dogon.sotelma.net neene.afriq.net ns.cais.com
.mm Myanmar co.mm
ac.mm
ns1.digiserve.com ns2.digiserve.com
.mn Mongolia co.mn
ac.mn
magic.mn ns.ripe.net ns1.igc.apc.org
rip.psg.com
.mo Macau co.mo
ac.mo
hkuxb.hku.hk ns.uu.net ns1.umac.mo
ns2.umac.mo umacsn1.umac.mo umacsn2.umac.mo
.mp Norther Mariana Islands co.mp
ac.mp
ns.saipan.com ns2.saipan.com
.mq Martinique co.mq
ac.mq
correos.seker.es manta.outremer.com
merapi.switch.ch ns.pixar.es
ns.visualcom.es servidor.microastur.es
.mr Mauritania co.mr
ac.mr
dns1.univ-nkc.mr dns2.univ-nkc.mr ns.ird.fr
.ms Montserrat co.ms
ac.ms
auth02.ns.uu.net joanna.william.org ns.eu.net
ns.ripe.net sec1.dns.uk.psi.net
.mt Malta co.mt
ac.mt
ns.eu.net ns.iunet.it ns.mt
ns.uu.net ns2.nic.fr sunic.sunet.se
.mu Mauritius co.mu
ac.mu
munnari.oz.au ns.ripe.net ns1.iafrica.com
rip.psg.com
.mv Maldives co.mv
ac.mv
ns.dhiraagu.mv ns.spin.omnes.net
.mw Malawi co.mw
ac.mw
bear.tarsus.com mail.tarsus.com
.mx Mexico co.mx
ac.mx
dns1.avantel.net.mx mex1-m-213.uninet.net.mx
ns.nic.mx ns.unam.mx
.my Malaysia co.my
ac.my
gate1.jaring.my gaten.jaring.my jaring.my
mimos.my ns.eu.net ns.uu.net
.mz Mozambique co.mz
ac.mz
dzowo.uem.mz ns2.cw.net oceano.uem.mz
phloem.uoregon.edu zebra.uem.mz
.na Namibia co.na
ac.na
grumpy.net.na munnari.oz.au
mx.nsi.nasa.gov ns.eu.net
uucp-gw-1.pa.dec.com
.nc New Caledonia co.nc
ac.nc
malakula.bondy.ird.fr ns.ird.fr ns.ripe.net
.ne Niger co.ne
ac.ne
bow.intnet.ne bow.rain.fr
.net service provider co.net
ac.net
a.gtld-servers.net a.root-servers.net b.gtld-servers.net
c.gtld-servers.net d.gtld-servers.net e.gtld-servers.net
f.gtld-servers.net g.gtld-servers.net i.gtld-servers.net
j.gtld-servers.net k.gtld-servers.net m.gtld-servers.net
.nf Norfolk Island co.nf
ac.nf
ns1.nf ns1.regme.com ns2.ihug.net.nz
ns2.nf
.ng Nigeria co.ng
ac.ng
hippo.ru.ac.za itgbox.iat.cnr.it munnari.oz.au
ns.eu.net rip.psg.com sunic.sunet.se
.ni Nicaragua co.ni
ac.ni
icm1.icp.net ns.cr ns.eu.net
ns.ni ns.tmx.com.ni ns.uu.net
.nl Netherlands co.nl
ac.nl
auth02.ns.uu.net ns.domain-registry.nl
ns.eu.net ns2.domain-registry.nl
ns2.nic.fr sunic.sunet.se
.no Norway co.no
ac.no
ifi.uio.no nac.no nn.uninett.no
ns.eu.net ns.uu.net
.np Nepal co.np
ac.np
ns.apnic.net ns.ripe.net
shikhar.mos.com.np yarrina.connect.com.au
.nr Nauru co.nr
ac.nr
nrweb.cenpac.net.nr ns1.telstra.net
.nu Niue co.nu
ac.nu
ns.nic.nu ns0.de.nic.nu ns0.telia.nic.nu
nz.ns.nic.nu
.nz New Zealand co.nz
ac.nz
gorgon.xtra.co.nz mx.nsi.nasa.gov ns1.clear.net.nz
ns1.dns.net.nz ns2.clear.net.nz ns99.waikato.ac.nz
rata.vuw.ac.nz
.om Oman co.om
ac.om
om10.omantel.net.om om4.omantel.net.om
.org nonprofit organization co.org
ac.org
a.gtld-servers.net a.root-servers.net b.gtld-servers.net
c.gtld-servers.net d.gtld-servers.net e.gtld-servers.net
f.gtld-servers.net g.gtld-servers.net i.gtld-servers.net
j.gtld-servers.net k.gtld-servers.net m.gtld-servers.net
.pa Panama co.pa
ac.pa
icm1.icp.net ns.cr
ns.pa ns1-auth.sprintlink.net
ns2-auth.sprintlink.net ns3-auth.sprintlink.net
vasco.usma.ac.pa
.pe Peru co.pe
ac.pe
ekeko.rcpip.net ichu.rcp.net.pe ns.ripe.net
.pf French Polynesia co.pf
ac.pf
ns1.mana.pf ns2.mana.pf
.pg Papua New Guinea co.pg
ac.pg
jatz.aarnet.edu.au munnari.oz.au ns.eu.net
ns.uu.net
.ph Philippines co.ph
ac.ph
auth00.ns.uu.net auth50.ns.uu.net makisig.iphil.net
ns.eu.net ns.ripe.net ns.uu.net
.pk Pakistan co.pk
ac.pk
ns.eu.net ns.uu.net
pappilloma.wwebsvs.com uucp-gw-1.pa.dec.com
uucp-gw-2.pa.dec.com
.pl Poland co.pl
ac.pl
bilbo.nask.org.pl dns.fuw.edu.pl
dns2.man.lodz.pl dns2.tpsa.pl
nms.cyfronet.krakow.pl ns.ripe.net
ns3.ikp.pl sunic.sunet.se
.pm St. Pierre and Miquelon co.pm
ac.pm
ns1.nic.fr ns2.nic.fr
.pn Pitcairn Island co.pn
ac.pn
ns1.2day.com ns2.2day.com ns3.2day.com
.pr Puerto Rico co.pr
ac.pr
descartes.uprr.pr pascal.uprr.pr upr1.upr.clu.edu
.ps Palestinian Territories co.ps
ac.ps
ns.doleh.com ns.leb.net pappsrv.papp.undp.org
.pt Portugal co.pt
ac.pt
ciup1.ncc.up.pt ns.dns.br ns.dns.pt
ns.eu.net ns.uu.net ns2.nic.fr
sunic.sunet.se
.pw Palau co.pw
ac.pw
auth02.ns.uu.net munnari.oz.au ns.ripe.net
ns1.netnames.net ns2.netnames.net
.py Paraguay co.py
ac.py
auth00.ns.uu.net merapi.switch.ch ns.cnc.una.py
ns.eu.net ns.nic.mx ns.ripe.net
sce.cnc.una.py sunic.sunet.se
.qa Qatar co.qa
ac.qa
ns1.qatar.net.qa ns2.qatar.net.qa ns3.qatar.net.qa
.re Reunion Island co.re
ac.re
ns1.nic.fr ns2.nic.fr
.ro Romania co.ro
ac.ro
ns-a.rnc.ro ns.austria.eu.net ns.eu.net
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.ru Russian Federation co.ru
ac.ru
ns.eu.net ns.relcom.eu.net ns.ripn.net
ns.uu.net ns2.nic.fr ns2.ripn.net
sunic.sunet.se
.rw Rwanda co.rw
ac.rw
dns.nic.cd dns.princeton.edu sunic.sunet.se
.sa Saudi Arabia co.sa
ac.sa
munnari.oz.au ns.eu.net ns.kacst.edu.sa
ns.nixu.fi ns1.isu.net.sa rip.psg.com
.sb Solomon Islands co.sb
ac.sb
olketa.solomon.com.sb pijin.com.sb
.sc Seychelles co.sc
ac.sc
ns0.cwci.net ns1.seychelles.net
.sd Sudan co.sd
ac.sd
atlnet.atlonline.com atlweb1.atlonline.com
.se Sweden co.se
ac.se
dns.cit.cornell.edu i.root-servers.net nic.lth.se
ns.eu.net ns.uu.net sunic.sunet.se
.sg Singapore co.sg
ac.sg
auth02.ns.uu.net dnssec1.singnet.com.sg
ds.nic.net.sg ns.ripe.net
ns1.pacific.net.sg
.sh St. Helena co.sh
ac.sh
auth02.ns.uu.net munnari.oz.au ns.eu.net
ns.nic.sh ns.ripe.net ns2.uucp.ne.jp
.si Slovenia co.si
ac.si
kanin.arnes.si ns.eu.net ns.eunet.si
ns.uu.net ns2.nic.fr scsnms.switch.ch
sparky.arl.mil sunic.sunet.se
.sj Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands co.sj
ac.sj
nac.no nn.uninett.no server.nordu.net
.sk Slovak Republic co.sk
ac.sk
ns.eu.net ns.eunet.sk ns.internet.sk
ns.netlab.sk ns.uu.net sunic.sunet.se
.sl Sierra Leone co.sl
ac.sl
ns.sierratel.sl ns1.gip.net
.sm San Marino co.sm
ac.sm
bologna.nettuno.it dns.intelcom.sm
dns.omniway.sm ns.ripe.net
simon.cs.cornell.edu
.sn Senegal co.sn
ac.sn
ns.ripe.net ns.senet.net ns.ucad.sn
orstom.rio.net
.so Somalia co.so
ac.so
mercury.ml.org ns1.granitecanyon.com
ns2.granitecanyon.com
.sr Suriname co.sr
ac.sr
ns.svianed.nl ns1.nl.concentric.com ns1.sr.net
ns2.sr.net
.st Sao Tome and Principe co.st
ac.st
auth61.ns.uu.net munnari.oz.au ns.eu.net
ns1.bahnhof.net ns2.bahnhof.net sunic.sunet.se
.sv El Salvador co.sv
ac.sv
antel.gob.sv auth02.ns.uu.net cir.red.sv
conacyt.gob.sv ns.cr ns.ripe.net
ns.uu.net
.sy Syrian Arab Republic co.sy
ac.sy
dns.seabone.net earth.sy
.sz Swaziland co.sz
ac.sz
ns.pipex-sz.net ns1.inr.net ns2.inr.net
rip.psg.com
.tc Turks and Ciacos Islands co.tc
ac.tc
auth02.ns.uu.net joanna.william.org ns.eu.net
ns.ripe.net sec1.dns.uk.psi.net
.td Chad co.td
ac.td
bow.intnet.td bow.rain.fr
.tf French Southern Territories co.tf
ac.tf
auth02.ns.uu.net joanna.william.org ns.eu.net
ns.ripe.net sec1.dns.uk.psi.net
.tg Togo co.tg
ac.tg
ns1.technologia.net ns2.technologia.net
ns3.technologia.net
.th Thailand co.th
ac.th
auth61.ns.uu.net munnari.oz.au ns-ait.thnic.net
ns.eu.net ns.thnic.net
.tj Tajikistan co.tj
ac.tj
munnari.oz.au ns.dcc.uchile.cl ns.nic.mx
ns.ripe.net ns1.nic.tj ns2.nic.tj
.tk Tokelau co.tk
ac.tk
ns1.2day.com ns2.2day.com ns3.2day.com
.tm Turkmenistan co.tm
ac.tm
auth02.ns.uu.net munnari.oz.au ns.ripe.net
ns1.netnames.net ns2.netnames.net sunic.sunet.se
.tn Tunisia co.tn
ac.tn
alyssa.rsinet.tn ns.ati.tn ns.eu.net
ns2.nic.fr rip.psg.com sparky.arl.mil
sunic.sunet.se
.to Tonga co.to
ac.to
auth02.ns.uu.net colo.to dns.msen.com
munnari.oz.au ns.ripe.net ns3.iafrica.com
tonic.to
.tp East Timor co.tp
ac.tp
auth01.connect.ie ns.eu.net ns.ripe.net
.tr Turkey co.tr
ac.tr
munnari.oz.au ns.ripe.net
ns.uu.net ns1-auth.sprintlink.net
ns1.metu.edu.tr ns2.metu.edu.tr
.tt Trinidad and Tobago co.tt
ac.tt
dns.nic.tt upr1.upr.clu.edu
.tv Tuvalu co.tv
ac.tv
ns1.nic.tv ns2.nic.tv ns4.nic.tv
udns1.ultradns.net udns2.ultradns.net
.tw Taiwan co.tw
ac.tw
moevax.edu.tw nisc.jvnc.net ns.eu.net
ns.twnic.net ns.uu.net
.tz Tanzania co.tz
ac.tz
ns.ripe.net rip.psg.com
.ua Ukraine co.ua
ac.ua
munnari.oz.au ns.eu.net ns.kolo.net
ns.lucky.net ns.uu.net ns2.nic.fr
sunic.sunet.se
.ug Uganda co.ug
ac.ug
ns.ripe.net rip.psg.com
.uk United Kingdom co.uk
ac.uk
ns.eu.net ns.uu.net ns0.ja.net
ns1.nic.uk
.um U.S. Minor Outlying Islands co.um
ac.um
admii.arl.mil ns.isi.edu ns.uu.net
venera.isi.edu
.us United States co.us
ac.us
admii.arl.mil ns.isi.edu ns.uu.net
rs0.netsol.com usdns.nic.us venera.isi.edu
.uy Uruguay co.uy
ac.uy
ns.eu.net ns.uu.net
seciu.edu.uy uucp-gw-1.pa.dec.com
uucp-gw-2.pa.dec.com
.uz Uzbekistan co.uz
ac.uz
ns.noc.uz ns.spb.su ns.ussr.eu.net
ns.uz
.va Holy See (City Vatican State) co.va
ac.va
dns.it.net dns.nic.it dns2.it.net
michael.vatican.va
.vc Saint Vincent and the Grenadines co.vc
ac.vc
trantor.umd.edu upr1.upr.clu.edu
.ve Venezuela co.ve
ac.ve
azmodan.ula.ve dns.reacciun.ve dns2.reacciun.ve
.vg Virgin Islands (British) co.vg
ac.vg
auth02.ns.uu.net joanna.william.org ns.eu.net
ns.ripe.net sec1.dns.uk.psi.net
.vi Virgin Islands (USA) co.vi
ac.vi
auth100.ns.uu.net auth110.ns.uu.net ns.ripe.net
ns1.cobex.net ns1.krnic.net ns2.cobex.net
.vn Vietnam co.vn
ac.vn
cheops.anu.edu.au dns1.vn ns.eu.net
ns1.gip.net ns2.gip.net
.vu Vanautu co.vu
ac.vu
colo.to efate.vanuatu.com.vu
futuna.vanuatu.com.vu ns1.tdc.to
santo.vanuatu.com.vu
.wf Wallace and Furtuna Islands co.wf
ac.wf
ns1.nic.fr ns2.nic.fr
.ws Western Samoa co.ws
ac.ws
ns1.dns.ws ns2.dns.ws ns3.dns.ws
ns4.dns.ws ns5.dns.ws
.ye Yemen co.ye
ac.ye
ns0-y.dns.pipex.net ns1-y.dns.pipex.net
.yt Mayotte co.yt
ac.yt
ns1.nic.fr ns2.nic.fr
.yu Yugoslavia co.yu
ac.yu
auth03.ns.uu.net munnari.oz.au ns.eu.net
ns.ripe.net ns1.nic.yu odisej.telekom.yu
sunic.sunet.se
.za South Africa co.za
ac.za
apies.frd.ac.za auth00.ns.uu.net flag.ep.net
hippo.ru.ac.za munnari.oz.au ns.eu.net
rain.psg.com ucthpx.uct.ac.za
.zm Zambia co.zm
ac.zm
hippo.ru.ac.za ns.ripe.net ns1.iafrica.com
puku.unza.zm rip.psg.com
.zr Zaire co.zr
ac.zr
dns.nic.cd dns.princeton.edu sunic.sunet.se
.zw Zimbabwe co.zw
ac.zw
ns.eu.net ns2.gip.net ns3.gip.net
telcom.zptc.co.zw
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